History

Need it in writing please.  Please do not call me and tell me in an oratory format. Try to do it in Microsoft Word and I will convert to web page format.

John Farinacci (Hermit Club) we need that history presentation that you gave that evening.

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Mussolini shot

Public exhibition of bodies in Como and Milan

Tuesday April 3, 1945

The Italian partisans have carried out swift justice on Mussolini and other Fascist leaders. They have been shot and their bodies have been exhibited in public squares in Como and Milan. The executions were apparently carried out near Como by shooting in the back. Farinacci, who had been Mussolini's delegate to the German Command in Italy, had already been tried and shot, Milan radio reported on Saturday. Farinacci was said to have been arrested at the same time as his chief. Meanwhile the Allied advances are going on with striking rapidity, and it was officially announced from Rome last night that our troops have entered Venice and Milan.

Hid his uniform

Mussolini was caught yesterday at Dongo, Lake Como, driving by himself in a car with his uniform covered by a German greatcoat. He was driving in a column of German cars to escape observation but was recognised by an Italian Customs guard. The others were caught in a neighbouring village. They include Pavolini, Barracu, and other lesser lights in the Fascist world on whom Mussolini had to call in later days to staff his puppet Government. This is the first conspicuous example of mob justice in liberated Italy. Otherwise the partisans have been kept well under control by their leaders. The opinion expressed this morning by the partisan C.-in-C., General Cadorna, son of the former field marshal, was that such incidents in themselves were regrettable. Nevertheless, in this case, he considered the execution a good thing, since popular indignation against the Fascists demanded some satisfaction. The risk of a protracted trial, such as has been taking place in Rome, was thus avoided. Graziani, who, with two other Fascist generals, surrendered to an American captain at Cernobbio, also on Lake Como, is now in custody under American guard at Milan. Graziani is endeavouring to arrange the surrender of the Fascist Ligurian Army to the Allies.

Thirst for vengeance

Milan radio said that a large crowd gathered in Piazza Loreto to see the bodies, 18 in number. It was here that the Fascists recently murdered 15 patriots. The radio, describing the scene, said (according to the British United Press): "From the entrance of the Piazza it is impossible to move because the crowd is so great. It is interesting to see the hate, the fury of those around Mussolini. People spit upon the body, but that is only a continuation of the justice he should have suffered. He died too quickly. "One woman shot five times into the body saying: 'Five shots for my five assassinated sons.' All approve and want more. They want the bodies to stay there for six months, and that is not enough. Never has so much hate, rancour, and thirst for vengeance been seen. This is justice. This is a good example and it will be followed by others.

7) The Manchester Guardian (30th April, 1945)

Mussolini, with mistress, Clara Petacci, and twelve members of his Cabinet, were executed by partisans in a village on Lake Como yesterday afternoon, after being arrested in an attempt to cross the Swiss frontier. The bodies were brought to Milan last night. A partisan knocked at my door early this morning to tell me the news.

We drove out to the working-class quarter of Loreto and there were the bodies heaped together with ghastly promiscuity in the open square under the same fence against which one year ago fifteen partisans had been shot by their own countrymen.

Mussolini's body lay across that of Petacci. In his dead hand had been placed the brass ensign of the Fascist Arditi. With these fourteen were also the bodies of Farinacci and Starace, two former general secretaries of the Fascist party, and Teruzzo, formerly Minister of Colonies who had been caught elsewhere and executed by partisans.

Mussolini was caught yesterday at Dongo, Lake Como, driving by himself in a car with his uniform covered by a German greatcoat. He was driving in a column of German cars to escape observation but was recognised by an Italian Customs guard.

The others were caught in a neighbouring village. They include Pavolini, Barracu, and other lesser lights in Fascist world on whom Mussolini had to call in later days to staff his puppet Government.

This is the first conspicuous example of mob justice in liberated Italy. Otherwise the partisans have been kept well under control by their leaders. The opinion expressed this morning by the partisan C.-in-C., General Cadorna, son of the former field marshal, was that such incidents in themselves were regrettable. Nevertheless, in this case he considered the execution a good thing, since popular indignation against the Fascists demanded some satisfaction. The risk of protracted trials, such as has been taking place in Rome, was thus avoid.

 

Roberto Farinacci 1892 - 1945

EL VA....'L BIROCC

Giornale ( più o meno) settimanale, satirico negli anni di ascesa di Roberto Farinacci, sostenuto dagli agrari, contrastato da Guido Miglioli

la benedizione di Guido Miglioli ('l birocc)

"El va...'l birocc" si occupava tra gli anni 1919 e 1922 (ogni copia centesimi 20) di personalità cremonesi vive, autorevoli signori, operanti in città, passeggianti lungo i corsi, frequentatori assidui dei bar, dei teatri, i cui nomi correvano sulle labbra delle signore, protagonisti, talora, di avventure galanti, la cui fama si è andata dissolvendo. Passati tutti a “miglior vita”, solo alcuni hanno lasciato qualche traccia di sè nelle cronache cittadine, qualcuno a livello nazionale, uno o due conosciuti al di là delle Alpi.
Abbiamo stilato una specie di graduatoria dei più frequentemente citati e li abbiamo allineati, dai meno bersagliati dalle frecce satiriche dei redattori delle varie rubriche fino a risalire al primo. In basso troviamo i due sindaci di Cremona, Attilio Botti, il primo ed unico operaio tipografo, socialista, in carica di primo cittadino dal 1914 al 1920, gli anni della guerra e del primo dopoguera, il secondo l'unico sindaco comunista, in carica per soli sette mesi, dall'ottobre 1920 al giugno 1921, Tarquinio Pozzoli.
Nella nostra classifica ascendente appare ora il prof.Alessandro Groppali, docente universitario, appartenente ad una delle famiglie più stimate della città, personalità di rilievo, presidente del Consiglio provinciale e degli Istituti ospedalieri, protagonista , più tardi, della concessione della laurea in legge a Roberto Farinacci con una tesi copiata.
Vengono, poi, nell'ordine, l'onorevole socialista massimalista, autorevole sostenitore del movimento cooperativistico, Giuseppe Garibotti, che dopo “la marcia su Roma” sarà bandito da Cremona; Giacomo Munaro, funzionario dell'Amministrazione provinciale , giornalista, l'on. Guido Miglioli, deputato cattolico, agitatore, promotore delle leghe bianche.
In cima al nostro elenco, assai più in alto di tutti, presente in quasi ogni numero con caricature, poesiole, notizie varie, lettere di lui o a lui attribuite, sta Roberto Farinacci, sempre al centro delle barzellette, delle facezie, delle canzonature, sempre alla ribalta, insomma, da fascista della prima ora ( “Chi era fascista il 23 settembre del 1919? Io solo con Mussolini; gli altri sono venuti dopo”) a deputato nelle elezioni del 15 maggio del 1921 col Blocco nazionale.
Giolitti, capo del Governo, aveva convocato in anticipo i comizi elettorale sbagliando prospettiva. Era convinto che avrebbe debellato socialisti e popolari e che la “fronda"fascista sarebbe stata “assorbita”. Accadde, invece, che i popolari mantennero le loro posizioni, i socialisti perdettero qualcosa anche per la scissione comunista, i Blocchi nazionali ottennero un imprevisto, notevole, successo.
I “Blocchi”, come si sa, erano dei “grossi minestroni”; Farinacci, infatti, era in lista con Ettore Sacchi, vecchio radicale ed ex ministro, e con Ivanoe Bonomi, democratico liberale. La sua elezione, per altro, non sarà convalidata perchè, al momento del voto, non aveva ancora compiuti i trent'anni richiesti.
La mia mania linguaiola mi fa osservare l'uso di termini oggi in disuso: il proletariato oggi non esiste più, caso mai c'è la classe operaia, i tramvieri sono diventati filovieri o autisti dei 'bus, i pianellai sono scomparsi assieme alle pianelle, trasformate in pantofole, i cappellai sono rari come rari sono i cappelli, gli scaccini non sono più tali ma si sono elevati a sacrestani, tanto più che è raro che ci siano cani o mendicanti da scacciare, i sillabari si nominano solo con Pinocchio; i nostri scolaretti non partono più a scrivere con le sillabe ma con le parole intere; i pizzicotti erotici sono ricordi di tempi ...puritani; oggi, ch'io sappia, non si pizzica più : si va subito al sodo o, se volete, al molle.
Altro termine quasi del tutto scomparso è “bolscevico”, che veniva storpiato talora in ” bolsceschifo”, sostituito dai moderni “comunista, sinistrorso, democratico di sinistra”.

Thus, the July 25, 1942 issue of The Tablet of London -- the leading English-language periodical in war-torn Europe -- documented how Roberto Farinacci, Italy's notorious fascist propagandist, was claiming that the Nazi campaign against the Jews was a divine prerogative. "In waging this supreme struggle," Farinacci wrote to his fellow Italians, "we are sure of obeying the injunctions of the Church; we are sure of doing our duty as Christians." But these statements were nothing but blatant lies, grossly perverting Catholic teaching. As The Tablet commented: "[Farinacci] was forgetting, no doubt, the official declaration of the Church on anti-Semitism, issued from the Holy Office in Rome on March 25, 1928" -- which it then quoted.

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